sufficient cause examples in epidemiology

A second sufficient cause indicates that the exposure can be preventive (denoted by , the absence of exposure) in the context of other causal partners (W). A sufficient condition is a condition or set of conditions that will produce the event. Change in disease rates should follow from corresponding changes in exposure (dose-response). The first example is Leisure World Study of Endometrial Cancer, 6 a 1:4 matched case-control study with 63 matching sets. 12 Cause - Definition First, the term smoking is too imprecise to be used in a causal description. The notion of causal mechanism later refers to the association of interrelated events to produce effects. The object should be to serve public interest and public interest can be served by which methods have to be considered. 5. A necessary condition must be there, but it alone does not provide sufficient cause for the occurrence of the event. [7] Impairment of any of these are risk factors for mental disorders, or mental illness [8] which is a component of . In practice most analysis uncover causal relationships that approximate one of the other of these types . neodymium nitrate hexahydrate; ss ton power plus batting gloves; asia pacific journal of management impact factor; rushcliffe school alumni; suffolk university housing application There are only few examples of necessary component causes for cancer or heart . o If Y occurs, then X must have preceded it. Agent: Bacillus anthracis, a bacterium that can survive for years in spore form, is a necessary cause. However, infection can be prevented by vaccination. For example, given that gamma diketones are known to cause motor system neurotoxicity, a marginal data set on a candidate gamma diketone, e.g., 1/10 animals affected, might be more likely to be judged sufficient than equivalent data from a member of a chemical class about which nothing is known. Aschengrau and Seage use the example of causation of AIDS. I, II, and III can be sufficient causes for the same outcome, or for different outcomes, in which case the outcomes are correlated through the component causes. A sufficient cause is a constellation of component causes, the causal pie, that leads to an outcome. 2.2. One might say, for example, "each of the members of the foregoing set is individually necessary and, taken all together, they are jointly sufficient for x's being a square." Caution: In this example, we have been able, with ease, to list a set of individually necessary conditions that is also sufficient for something's being a square. But if A, for example, also contributed to a sufficient cause with factors D, E and F, then blocking B would not prevent disease X. The causal pie model has fulfilled this role in epidemiology and could be of similar value in evolutionary biology and ecology. With this model, it will now be possible to assess the extent of the relationship between a dete A complete causal mechanism that does not require the presence of any other determinant in order for an outcome to occur.. Unit 10: Causation z ti f Ci t i lCriteria for causality Association vs. Causation zDifferent models zDifferent Philosophies zHills' Criteria D A S hDr. http://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/templates/content.aspx?ID=3024 | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples Describe the sufficient-component cause model and, using your own ideas, give an example. A sufficient-component cause guarantees the occurrence of an effect. Rothman's model of sufficient and component causes (1, 2) introduced in 1976 is one of the most discussed causal models in epidemiology.Despite some inherent limitations (3, 4), this model seems to be appropriate to reflect the multiplicity of causal pathways and the biologic interaction among component causes.The pie-chart description of possible classes of sufficient causes is an . For example, general paresis (Y)- a degenerative brain disorder- cannot develop unless a person has previously contracted syphilis (X). After model fitting, the main effect of estrogen use has a -coefficient (which is also the completion-potential value for the class of sufficient causes containing estrogen use) of 7.0 (95% CI = 2.7-18). Pragmatic definition. For biological effects, most and sometimes all of the components of a sufficient cause are unknown.1 For example, tobacco smoking is a cause of lung cancer, but by itself it is not a sufficient cause. This more complex view (many pies to which factors contribute) is supported by the epidemiologic evidence for most chronic diseases. These include causal interactions, imperfect experiments, adjustment for confounding, time-varying exposures, competing risks and the probability of causation. Examples: First, we describe an unbiased model for mediation, to clarify the causal meaning of previously . Causes are often distinguished into two types: Necessary and sufficient. Thus, when the cause is not absent, the effect must be evident. Epidemiology 101 Epidemiology is based on two fundamental assumptions. an etiologic factor that guarantees that a result in question will occur; nonoccurrence of the result is proof that the factor is not operating. For example, HIV infection is a necessary cause of AIDS.14-22 SuYcient-component causes AsuYcient cause guarantees that its eVect will occur; when the cause is present, the eVect must occur. Neither is smoking a necessary cause, because a small fraction of lung cancer victims have never smoked. Specificity of the association. It is argued that the counterfactual model of causal effects captures the main aspects of causality in health sciences and relates to many statistical procedures. 4. Similarly, P is sufficient for Q, because P being true always . Examples are given. This theory was consistent with the view of the 18th century. Contaminated food (salad) is the sufficient cause. Epidemiology 101; Question: Q5. causes. What, then, is a necessary (or a sufficient) condition? Second, the study of populations enables the identification of the causes and preventive factors associated with disease. age, sex, previous illness. Mental health, as defined by the Public Health Agency of Canada, [6] is an individual's capacity to feel, think, and act in ways to achieve a better quality of life while respecting the personal, social, and cultural boundaries. Figure 1 6. The sufficient-component cause definition attempts to explain probabilistic phenomena via unknown component causes. The former statement must be true for a statement to be true in a sufficient condition and later for the necessary condition. Only the sufficient grounds can do this. All may be necessary but will rarely be sufficient to cause a disease. If A is sufficient for B (sufficient cause), that means that if you have A, you will ALWAYS have B. Biological gradient. First, let's look at a necessary condition. A sufficient cause for AIDS might consist of the following components: exposure to an individual with HIV repeatedly engaging in risky sexual behavior with that individual absence of antiretroviral drugs that reduce viral load of HIV The pie chart below might be used to represent the sufficient cause model for this scenario. The presence of a particle that can decay, however, does not imply that the particle's decay will occur. The presence of Salmonella is necessary cause. Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmaster's page for free fun content . In logic and mathematics, necessity and sufficiency are terms used to describe a conditional or implicational relationship between two statements.For example, in the conditional statement: "If P then Q", Q is necessary for P, because the truth of Q is guaranteed by the truth of P (equivalently, it is impossible to have P without Q). PREDISPOSING FACTORS: create a state of susceptibility to a disease agent. Sufficient cause definition: If something is sufficient for a particular purpose , there is enough of it for the. Necessity and sufficiency are perhaps best understood by illustrating some examples. AsuYcient-component cause is made up of a number of components, no one of which is suYcient on its own but which taken together make up a suYcient cause . Exposure must precede outcome. Sufficient-Component Cause Model: Causal Heuristic A heuristic is a learning tool used to simplify concepts. Temporal sequence of association. In other words, if something is a sufficient cause, then every time it happens the outcome will follow. there are, in fact, two ways in which a cause can be necessary for some effect: (1) it can be necessary in any set of circumstances (the tubercle bacillus is necessary for any case of tuberculosis) or (2) it can be necessary only in a particular set of circumstances in which no other sufficient causes are present (uranium exposure is not a When a person pleads guilty, that is a sufficient cause to convict the person (Maxfield and Babbie, 86). The sufficient-component cause definition attempts to explain probabilistic phenomena via unknown component causes. Summary In the causal pie model, outcomes result from sufficient causes . A sufficient cause contains a combination of component causes. Under this model, a disease can be caused by any completed "pie," which is itself . In epidemiology, the sufficient-component cause model described by Ken Rothman is an example of a heuristic which shows the multicausal nature of disease. Sufficient cause is a state that assures the result in question. A sufficient cause of disease is an exposure that may produce a particular outcome but may not be the only cause of that outcome. A particle that can decay is a necessary cause of the particle's decay, because the particle's decay necessarily implies that there was a particle there that could decay. For example, lung cancer may result from a sufficient cause that includes smoking as a component cause. Historical Paper 91 588 KENNETH J. ROTHMAN TYPES OF CAUSES A cause is an act or event or a state of nature which initiates or permits, alone or in conjunction with other causes, a sequence of events resulting in an effect.A cause which inevitably produces the effect is sufficient. An example of this is the role that genetic factors play in haemophilia in humans - haemophilia will not occur without a specific gene defect, but the gene defect is not believed to be sufficient in isolation to cause the disease. Q5. The minimal sufficient cause (MSC) model, also known as the sufficient component cause model, has been used to facilitate understanding of several key concepts in epidemiology. - Each sufficient cause has multiple component causes - Each component cause has attributes - Shared components between sufficient causes - It is theoretically possible every case of outcome has a unique pie 16 f Take home message 1: All disease causation is multifactoral and mechanisms are complex 17 f Sufficient Causes Minimally sufficient Necessary cause is the component of sufficient cause. The model also has a stochastic part. There must be a one to one relationship between cause and outcome. General model. The 'sufficient cause' model for dental caries is a biological model in which distinction between protective and risk-increasing factors has been made, and interaction between factors has been described. Exercise 1.8. For example, when one turns a light switch to the "on" position, one normally sees the instant effect of the 12 fINTRODUCTION Even among those who study causation as the object of their work, the concept To improve the understanding of mediation, we introduce a causal model for mediation that is grounded in the MSC approach. Predisposing factor Enabling Precipitating Re-enforcing factor A sufficient condition is one that is enough to guarantee the truth of the other part of the statement, though there may be other conditions that could also affirm the statement to be true. Describe the sufficient-component cause model and, using your own ideas, give an example. A necessary condition should be proven by the next statement while a sufficient condition, if proven true, the next statement follows to be true as well. When any individuals under study have redundant SCs, the etiologic effect of the exposure may be underestimated. For Rothman, this means attempting to identify entities called causes and interactions between these entities to show how the production of the phenomenon is effective. Redundancy occurs because disease can result from one of multiple (sufficient) causes, as affirmed by the sufficient component cause model used in epidemiology. We typically observe causes with effects that are immediately apparent. Want to thank TFD for its existence? A schema like Mackie's became the foundation for the "sufficient cause model" of disease in epidemiology (see Rothman 1976) and continues to have influence on medical thinking about disease causation, as well as on definitions of causation in psychology and law (VanderWeele 2017). But surely, it is also a theoretical possibility that there is no cause for diabetes satisfying that description. Whenever all components of a particular sufficient cause were present, the outcome would inevitably occur; within every sufficient cause, each component would be necessary for that sufficient cause to lead to the outcome. In other words, all of the necessary elements must be there. A good example of a necessary cause in nature is particle decay. A component cause can be a component of more than one sufficient cause. Smoking is not a sufficient cause by itself, however, because not all smokers develop lung cancer. Epidemiology is a medical science with all the methods and tools that entails (5) Disease surveillance: Monitoring outbreaks of disease or conditions, examining such things as seasonal trend, regional instances or other criteria that aids in medical planning, and prevention. Reasons why both necessary and sufficient causes are difficult to identify in social sciences 2.2.1. The disease and the exposure are both associated with a third variable (confounding) Each sufficient cause involved various component causes. Individuals can also get the disease from mechanisms that do not include the exposure under study; these other unspecified mechanisms are denoted by X. Causal Artifactual associations can arise from bias and/or confounding Non-causal associations can occur in 2 different ways 1. A similar concept occurs in logic, for this see Necessary and sufficient conditions. The model is deterministic in nature, positing that the disease is destined to occur once a sufficient cause is completed. A sufficient cause is a condition that always produces the effect in question. An example: Note in the image below that component cause A is a necessary cause because it appears in every pie . An example would include poor nutrition leading to obesity, however, sedentary lifestyle, stress and other factors could have also caused the disease. The outcome always follows the cause. Host: People are generally susceptible to anthrax. cient cause. concept is limited by the scope of those observations. Thus, on both of these views, heavy smoking can be cited as a cause of lung cancer only when the existence of unknown deterministic variables is assumed. 2. The disease may CAUSE the exposure 2. There are three types of associations 1. artifactual (false) 2. The expression "Sufficient" means adequate, enough, as much as may be necessary, equal or fit for end proposed and that which may be necessary to accomplish an object. FACTORS IN CAUSATION Four types of factor play a part the causation of disease. This theory suggested that it contaminated soldiers on the battlefield and made them sick with cholera. They are concerned with collective health rather than individual health. Wrath of the Gods Classifying the potential hazards of chemicals and communicating information concerning hazards and appropriate protective measures to employees, may include, for example, but is not limited to, provisions for: developing and maintaining a written hazard communication program for the workplace, including lists of hazardous chemicals present . TeachEpi - A website for learning and teaching epidemiology An airborne toxic vapor composed of malodorous particles from decomposing fetid materials. Philosophers have grappled with the nature of causality for thousands of years. It is theoretically possible that a condition like diabetes has a single necessary and, in some circumstances, sufficient cause, which we have not yet discovered. If and only if all the component causes that make up a causal pie of some sufficient cause are present does the outcome occur. Rothman (19) noted that "most causes of interest in the health field are com ponents of sufficient causes, but are not sufficient in themselves." The identification of all the components of First, the occurrence of disease is not random (i.e., various factors influence the likelihood of developing disease). Menu. Rothman defined a sufficient cause as ".a complete causal mechanism" that "inevitably produces disease." Consequently, a "sufficient cause" is not a single factor, but a minimum set of factors and circumstances that, if present in a given individual, will produce the disease. 3. Factors involved in disease causation: Four types of factors that play important role in disease causation. Thus, on both of these views, heavy smoking can be cited as a cause of lung cancer only when the existence of unknown deterministic variables is assumed. However, the outcome may occur without the cause. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Cuts or abrasions of the skin may permit entry of the bacteria. We will use the following notation. A disease may have many different sufficient causes, and a particular factor may be a component of more than one sufficient cause. Component causes foster togetherness in order to produce effect (Olsen, 2003). In epidemiology a cause can be considered to be something that alters the frequency of disease, health status or associated factors in a population. A sufficient cause (cause X) of a disorder is a condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder (disorder Y). The inevitability of disease after a sufficient cause calls for qualifi-cation: disease usually requires time to . Summary: 1. How It Works. All, not a single components play a key role in determining the validity of causation. 10. A third type of causation, which requires neither necessity nor sufficiency in and of itself, but which contributes to the effect, is called a "contributory cause." Non-causal 3. For example, skipping the final exam in this course would be a sufficient cause of failing it, though it is not a necessary cause: you could fail in other ways. e.g. Rothman's sufficient component cause model 1, 2 p. 5-9, 80-82 is familiar to most epidemiologists. To investigate disease in populations, epidemiologists rely on models and definitions of disease . A set of conditions, factors, or events sufficient to produce a given outcome.

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