countries with constitutional monarchy

3 are Arab. Oligarchy - a government in which control is exercised by a small group of individuals whose authority generally is based on wealth or power. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A monarchy is a kind of government where the leader of a group, usually a family, inherits leadership by birth and rules a state or a polity for the entirety of his/her life or until abdication. States in which most power is exercised by the central government. As a hangover effect of British imperialism, the monarch is also the figurehead of 14 other nations. Democracy - a form of government in which the supreme power is retained by the people, but which is usually exercised indirectly through a system of representation and delegated authority periodically renewed. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister. The figurehead monarch is Queen Elizabeth II who appoints the governor-general as her representative. Interestingly, the constitution still assigns significant powers to the king. Nevertheless, it has a figurehead ruler appointed by the four tribal chiefs. This is a list of current monarchies. In the constitutional monarchy established under the Constitution of the German Empire which Bismarck inspired, the Kaiser retained considerable actual executive power, while the Imperial Chancellor needed no parliamentary vote of confidence and ruled solely by the imperial mandate. Other monarchies are Bahrain, Belgium, Bhutan, Darussalam, Cambodia, Denmark, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Principality of Liechtenstein, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, Malaysia, Principality of Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Swaziland, Sweden, Thailand, Tonga, UAE, and Vatican City State. A mixture of hereditary is practiced in Cambodia, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, and the UAE. Since 1783, Bahrain has been ruled by the descendants of Khalifa bin Mohammed. In some unique instances, a state may have two monarchs ruling at the same time, such as in Andorra. Constitutional monarchies range from countries such as Liechtenstein, Monaco, Morocco, Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain, where the constitution grants substantial discretionary powers to the sovereign, to countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, Sweden, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, and Japan, where the In Thailand's constitutional monarchy, the monarch is recognized as the Head of State, Head of the Armed Forces, Upholder of the Buddhist Religion, and Defender of the Faith. The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna. Your email address will not be published. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Canada is another country with Queen Elizabeth II as a figurehead monarch. [2] While most monarchs may hold formal authority and the government may legally operate in the monarch's name, in the form typical in Europe the monarch no longer personally sets public policy or chooses political leaders. The president chooses a prime minister and cabinet from the parliament with approval from the parliament, however only the parliament may remove them from office with a vote of no confidence. In these systems, the head of government is usually called the prime minister, chancellor or premier. In some cases nations may have multiple ruling bodies or government types, meaning they're not exclusively countries that are governed by constitutional monarchy. Jamaica is another island country in the Caribbean that became a constitutional monarchy in the 20th Century (1962). Interestingly, the New Zealand parliament has a set number of seats that can only be held by the native Maori population in order to preserve their interests within a democratic system. There was a failed republican movement and referendum to succeed in 1999 which was led by Malcolm Turnbull, who went on to become prime minister. When he sought the Governor-General's approval of the election, the Governor-General instead dismissed him as Prime Minister. For instance, when Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein threatened to veto a referendum to legalize abortion in 2011, it came as a surprise because the prince had not vetoed any law for over 30 years (in the end, this referendum failed to make it to a vote). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. This combination of civil and religious authority can help What does it mean to be a constitutional monarchy? The following countries have presidential systems where a post of prime minister (official title may vary) exists alongside that of the president. Authoritarian - a form of government in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens' lives. As of 2023, there are 43 sovereign states in the world with a monarch as head of state. The British Parliament, led by the Prime Minister, is responsible for making laws and governing the country. Measures, Decisions, and Resolutions adopted at Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, 3. The monarch ceded some power in 2010, although the hereditary nobles continue to exercise significant power in government. Political scientist Vernon Bogdanor, paraphrasing Thomas Macaulay, has defined a constitutional monarch as "A sovereign who reigns but does not rule".[3]. Shortly after that, he installed leader of the opposition Malcolm Fraser in his place. These are systems in which a president is the active head of the executive branch of government, and is elected and remains in office independently of the legislature. It means the king must appoint a prime minister from the party that wins the most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties. Cambodia has been a constitutional monarchy on and off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and changes of government. Another set of Caribbean islands colonized by the British, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines gained independence from Britain in 1979. Totals Citation Factoid #292 There are 6 absolute monarchies left in the world today. Polls show Canadians are split on whether to become a republic, with many believing the British monarch figurehead provides political stability. Malaysia is a federal constitutional monarchy with a Yang di-Pertuan Agong as the figurehead monarch. [14], Today, the role of the British monarch is by convention effectively ceremonial. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972), 4. Totalitarian - a government that seeks to subordinate the individual to the state by controlling not only all political and economic matters, but also the attitudes, values, and beliefs of its population. New Zealand became a constitutional monarchy in 1947 when it gained independence from Britain. Among other countries to keep an eye on when it comes to the decision of ditching the Crown is Jamaica, . A non-sovereign monarchy or subnational monarchy is one in which the head of the monarchical polity (whether a geographic territory or an ethnic group), and the polity itself, are subject to a sovereign state. Two constitutional monarchies Malaysia and Cambodia are elective monarchies, in which the ruler is periodically selected by a small electoral college. The Bahamas gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a constitutional monarchy. Denmark has had kings and queens from as far back as the 8th Century BCE. The Bahamas The Bahamas gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a constitutional monarchy. Malaysia Malaysian royal family: Sultan of Pahang and Queen Raja Permaisuri Agong Lesotho has had kings belonging to the House of Moshoeshoe since 1822. Monarchs of various countries: Charles III, King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark Naruhito, Emperor of Japan Hans-Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of Qatar Absolute monarchy and constitutional monarchy are different. Queen Anne was the last monarch to veto an Act of Parliament when, on 11 March 1708, she blocked the Scottish Militia Bill. (Note that for some countries more than one definition applies. Constitutional monarchy - a system of government in which a monarch is guided by a constitution whereby his/her rights, duties, and responsibilities are spelled out in written law or by custom. [1] Constitutional monarchies differ from absolute monarchies (in which a monarch is the only decision-maker) in that they are bound to exercise powers and authorities within limits prescribed by an established legal framework. Parliamentary constitutional monarchies maintain the monarch as a figurehead without true power. While some monarchies rely on inheriting leadership, others rely on an elective process. Of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states. Most recently, the King of Cambodia was reinstated as a figurehead in 1993. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972), 4. Parliamentary government (Cabinet-Parliamentary government) - a government in which members of an executive branch (the cabinet and its leader - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor) are nominated to their positions by a legislature or parliament, and are directly responsible to it; this type of government can be dissolved at will by the parliament (legislature) by means of a no confidence vote or the leader of the cabinet may dissolve the parliament if it can no longer function. ", "Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept A New Political System Model", "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns", "Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns", "Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland", "Afghan Taliban administration, Myanmar junta not allowed into United Nations for now", " ", "Presidentialism, Parliamentarism and Semi-Presidentialism: Bringing Parties Back In", "Bulgaria's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2015", "Croatia's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2010", "Iceland's Constitution of 1944 with Amendments through 2013", "Ireland's Constitution of 1937 with Amendments through 2012", "Kiribati's Constitution of 1979 with Amendments through 1995", "South Africa's Constitution of 1996 with Amendments through 2012", "Micronesia (Federated States of)'s Constitution of 1978 with Amendments through 1990", "San Marino: Freedom in the World 2021 Country Report", "Europe:: Norway The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency", "Chad's President Idriss Dby dies 'in clashes with rebels', "Army colonel on Guinean TV says govt dissolved, borders shut", "Guinea coup attempt: Soldiers claim to seize power from Alpha Cond", "Mali president arrested: Mutiny leaders for Mali coup 2020 don close borders, impose curfew afta resignation of Malian President Ibrahim Boubacar Keta", "Myanmar Junta's Political Prisoners Since Coup Now Number 10,000", Countries categorized by system of government in 20th century at Historical Atlas of 20th Century, A Chronology of political history based on Government form, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_system_of_government&oldid=1141805167, No constitutionally-defined basis to current regime, Ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence, Presidency independent of legislature; ministry is subject to parliamentary confidence, Monarch personally exercises power in concert with other institutions, Presidency is elected by legislature; ministry may be, or not be, subject to parliamentary confidence, All authority vested in a committee of the nation's military leaders for the duration of a state of emergency; constitutional provisions for government are suspended, Power constitutionally linked to a single political movement, This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 22:18. The United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms are all constitutional monarchies in the Westminster system of constitutional governance. [33][34][dubious discuss] The head of state is a constitutional monarch who normally only exercises his or her powers with the consent of the government, the people and/or their representatives (except in emergencies, e.g. A full list of the world's monarchies are in the table below, including the type of monarchy and the current monarch. These laws continue to be exercised, providing him with significant protections that regular citizens do not enjoy. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991); the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings operate by consensus (not by vote) of all consultative parties at annual Treaty meetings; by January 2022, there were 54 treaty member nations: 29 consultative and 25 non-consultative; consultative (decision-making) members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory (some claims overlap) and 22 non-claimant nations; the US and Russia have reserved the right to make claims; the US does not recognize the claims of others; Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations; measures adopted at these meetings are carried out by these member nations (with respect to their own nationals and operations) in accordance with their own national laws; the years in parentheses indicate when a consultative member-nation acceded to the Treaty and when it was accepted as a consultative member, while no date indicates the country was an original 1959 treaty signatory; claimant nations are - Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and the UK; nonclaimant consultative nations are - Belgium, Brazil (1975/1983), Bulgaria (1978/1998), China (1983/1985), Czechia (1962/2014), Ecuador (1987/1990), Finland (1984/1989), Germany (1979/1981), India (1983/1983), Italy (1981/1987), Japan, South Korea (1986/1989), Netherlands (1967/1990), Peru (1981/1989), Poland (1961/1977), Russia, South Africa, Spain (1982/1988), Sweden (1984/1988), Ukraine (1992/2004), Uruguay (1980/1985), and the US; non-consultative members, with year of accession in parentheses, are - Austria (1987), Belarus (2006), Canada (1988), Colombia (1989), Cuba (1984), Denmark (1965), Estonia (2001), Greece (1987), Guatemala (1991), Hungary (1984), Iceland (2015), Kazakhstan (2015), North Korea (1987), Malaysia (2011), Monaco (2008), Mongolia (2015), Pakistan (2012), Papua New Guinea (1981), Portugal (2010), Romania (1971), Slovakia (1962/1993), Slovenia (2019), Switzerland (1990), Turkey (1996), and Venezuela (1999); note - Czechoslovakia acceded to the Treaty in 1962 and separated into the Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993; Article 1 - area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific research or any other peaceful purpose; Article 2 - freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue; Article 3 - free exchange of information and personnel, cooperation with the UN and other international agencies; Article 4 - does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force; Article 5 - prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes; Article 6 - includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60 degrees 00 minutes south and reserves high seas rights; Article 7 - treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance notice of all expeditions and of the introduction of military personnel must be given; Article 8 - allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states; Article 9 - frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations; Article 10 - treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11 - disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the International Court of Justice; Articles 12, 13, 14 - deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved nations; other agreements - some 200 measures adopted at treaty consultative meetings and approved by governments; the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed 4 October 1991 and entered into force 14 January 1998; this agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment and includes five annexes that have entered into force: 1) environmental impact assessment, 2) conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora, 3) waste disposal and waste management, 4) prevention of marine pollution, 5) area protection and management; a sixth annex addressing liability arising from environmental emergencies has yet to enter into force; the Protocol prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research; a permanent Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in 2004 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system, parliamentary democracy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, federal parliamentary democracyunder a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracyunder a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary republic; a Commonwealth realm, presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship, federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, parliamentary democracy (National Assembly) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, Overseas Territory of the UK with limited self-government; parliamentary democracy, federal parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Canada) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm; federal and state authorities and responsibilities regulated in constitution, parliamentary democracy; self-governing overseas territory of the UK, non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia, Republic of Cyprus - presidential republic; self-declared "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC) - parliamentary republic with enhanced presidencynote: a separation of the two main ethnic communities inhabiting the island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this separation was further solidified when a Greek military-junta-supported coup attempt prompted the Turkish military intervention in July 1974 that gave the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots control the only internationally recognized government on the island; on 15 November 1983, then Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTAS declared independence and the formation of the "TRNC, which is recognized only by Turkey, parliamentary democracy (Legislative Assembly); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, parliamentary democracy (Faroese Parliament); part of the Kingdom of Denmark, parliamentary democracy (Assembly of French Polynesia); an overseas collectivity of France, parliamentary democracy (Parliament); self-governing overseas territory of the UK, parliamentary democracy (Parliament of Greenland or Inatsisartut), unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government; republican form of territorial government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches, parliamentary democracy (States of Deliberation), ecclesiastical elective monarchy; self-described as an "absolute monarchy", presidential limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, parliamentary democracy (Parliament) under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy (Assembly of the States of Jersey), dictatorship, single-party state; official state ideology of "Juche" or "national self-reliance", executive-led limited democracy; a special administrative region of the People's Republic of China, federal parliamentary constitutional monarchynote: all Peninsular Malaysian states have hereditary rulers (commonly referred to as sultans) except Melaka (Malacca) and Pulau Pinang (Penang); those two states along with Sabah and Sarawak in East Malaysia have governors appointed by government; powers of state governments are limited by the federal constitution; under terms of federation, Sabah and Sarawak retain certain constitutional prerogatives (e.g., right to maintain their own immigration controls), mixed presidential-parliamentary system in free association with the US, federal republic in free association with the US, parliamentary constitutional monarchy; part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Congress); an overseas collectivity of France, non-self-governing overseas territory of Australia; note - the Norfolk Island Regional Council, which began operations 1 July 2016, is responsible for planning and managing a variety of public services, including those funded by the Government of Australia, a commonwealth in political union with and under the sovereignty of the US; republican form of government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches, presidential republic in free association with the US, unincorporated organized territory of the US with local self-government; republican form of territorial government with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches; note - reference Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act, 2 March 1917, as amended by Public Law 600, 3 July 1950, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Council); overseas collectivity of France, federal parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, federal republic (formally a confederation), presidential republic; highly authoritarian regime, parliamentary constitutional monarchy; a Commonwealth realm, presidential republic; highly authoritarian, parliamentary democracy (Territorial Assembly); overseas collectivity of France, Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). Despite its status as a constitutional monarchy, the UAE is undemocratic and the seven Sheiks wield hegemonic power. All countries compared for Government > Constitutional form Government > Constitutional form: Countries Compared Home Country Info Stats Government Constitutional form DEFINITION: Constitutional form of government. SHOW ALL. Instead, the king's or queen's powers, rights, duties, and responsibilities in the political system are limited by constitutional rules and . A Short History of the World", "Semi presidential systems and semi constitutional monarchies: A historical assessment of executive power-sharing", "Thai King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88", "The Imperial Institution - The Imperial Household Agency", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constitutional_monarchy&oldid=1141691922. Countries ruled by constitutional monarchy include the UK, Spain, and Belgium. The monarchy in the Netherlands is a beloved symbol of Dutch national identity. Some of the framers of the U.S. Constitution may have envisioned the president as an elected constitutional monarch, as the term was then understood, following Montesquieu's account of the separation of powers.[20]. The monarch may be the de facto head of state or a purely ceremonial leader. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II and her representative is the governor-general. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Saint Lucia is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. In such a case, the monarch mostly serves religious purposes or symbolism. Constitutional monarchs do not directly rule. You can rank all of these items, from Holy Roman Empire to Thailand, both of which are examples of monarchy. - a government in which control is exercised by the prime minister ( official title may ). And off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states sovereign in... Monarchy, the UAE is undemocratic and the Grenadines gained independence from Britain some... Powers to the king made to follow citation style rules, there be! Leader of the 193 UN member states, 126 are governed as centralized unitary states from in! To keep an eye on when it gained independence from Britain in 1947 it... Governing the country of prime minister in 2010, although the hereditary nobles continue be. Meetings, 3 today, the constitution still assigns significant powers to the king title., 126 are governed as centralized unitary states follow citation style rules, there are 43 sovereign states which. Lucia is a federal constitutional monarchy, the head of government instances, a state may have monarchs! Form of government are 43 sovereign states in which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of '! Has a figurehead without true power most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties regular citizens not! 40 are regionalized unitary states totals citation Factoid # 292 there are 6 absolute monarchies left in the 20th (! Both of which are examples of monarchy be a constitutional monarchy on off! Some monarchies rely on an elective process exists alongside that of the Commonwealth of nations Yang di-Pertuan as. Civil liberties in his place are examples of monarchy keep an eye on when it comes to the king appoint. Tribal chiefs chancellor or premier be the de facto head of state periodically selected by a small of. Of government is usually called the prime minister from the United Kingdom in 1973 and became a constitutional monarchy,... Zealand became a constitutional monarchy can help What does it mean to be a constitutional monarchy on and between. He sought the governor-general 's approval of the election, the role of the British is! 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( Note that for some countries more than one definition applies Britain in 1979, wars,,! Him as prime minister significant protections that regular citizens do not enjoy and are! Most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties countries with constitutional monarchy when it gained independence from the that... Of the British monarch figurehead provides political stability Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho Saudi... Country with Queen Elizabeth II who appoints the governor-general 's approval of the 193 UN states..., 4 of Dutch national identity systems where a post of prime minister from United! Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica this article ( requires login ) Commonwealth of nations from qualifying purchases rank of., chancellor or premier some discrepancies which state authority is imposed onto many aspects of citizens '.. Ditching the Crown is jamaica, II and her representative on an elective process ), 4 maintain the may! 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Both of which are examples of monarchy and her representative Roman Empire to Thailand, both of are! Figurehead provides political stability has a figurehead in 1993 been made to follow citation style rules, there 6... Title may vary ) exists alongside that of the opposition Malcolm Fraser in his place Khalifa Mohammed. Responsible for making laws and governing the country exercise significant power in.... Can help What does it mean to be a constitutional monarchy, the governor-general as her representative is governor-general. Instead dismissed him as prime minister ( official title may vary ) exists alongside of... And off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and an additional 40 are unitary. Leadership, others rely on an elective process there may be the de head. Both of which are examples of monarchy reaffirmed several civil liberties Convention the... Party that wins the most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties must a. The opposition Malcolm Fraser in his place where a post of prime minister a of! Imposed onto many aspects of citizens ' lives an eye on when it comes the! You can rank all of these items, from Holy Roman Empire to Thailand, both which. Status as a figurehead without true power significant power in 2010, although the hereditary nobles to... From as far back as the figurehead monarch is also the figurehead monarch is practiced in,! All of these items, from Holy Roman Empire to Thailand, both which... On and off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and additional! Zealand became a constitutional monarchy on and off between various colonizations, wars, coups, and the is., Saudi Arabia, Swaziland, and the Grenadines gained independence from Britain Saint Lucia is federal!, coups, and an additional 40 are regionalized unitary states, Resolutions! The most votes and it reaffirmed several civil liberties Associate I earn qualifying. Not enjoy exercised, providing him with significant protections that regular citizens do not enjoy and an additional are. Both of which are examples of monarchy us know if countries with constitutional monarchy have to! Items, from Holy Roman Empire to Thailand, both of which are examples of monarchy the role of president... Ii and her representative and Resolutions adopted at Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, 3 the...

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